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- In 1572 a meeting was held by Bornholm's Parliament to establish who had the right to the status of "Frimand" (Freeman) on Bornholm. Of course, that meeting had a broader purpose: a war in which L?beck and Denmark had fought side-by-side had ended two years previously, and there was another three years before the L?beck 50 year claim to Bornholm was to expire; although L?beck claimed that it had been given a further 50 years. In this predicament it was wise for the King to establish locally situated allies; and Bornholm's influential freemen, who normally would have been snubbed by the King and the true nobility, were now in a position to receive benevolent treatment from the Danish government.
At the "Frimandsm?det" held on September 6, 1572 there were 17 men named as being in attendance: 1. Jacob Iversen, Landsdommer; 2. Mester Peder W (= Peder [Mogensen] Uf); the brothers 3. Peder Hansen; and 4. Bent Hansen; 5. J?rgen Pedersen; 6. Peder (Madsen) Kofoed; 7. Oluf Madsen; 8. Oluf Bagge; 9. Hans Mogensen, as he was away at the king's court he was represented by his father Mogens Hansen; 10. Peder (Hansen) Myre; 11. J?rgen Gagge; 12. Berent Hansen (= Berild Hansen); 13. Laurids Pedersen; 14. Jens (Madsen) Kofoed; 15. Christen (Clausen) Ki?ller; 16. Peder Hansen (Uf); and 17. Hans (Madsen) Kofoed. Three advisers to the Danish Parliment (Rigsr?der) had been sent to preside over the meeting, namely: Bi?rn Kaas of Starupgaard, Bi?rn Andersen of Stenholt, and J?rgen Marsvin of Dyb?k. The group expressed heartfelt and solemn words about faithful service to the crown; and it seems they had an inkling of things to come, and therefore begged the King not to let himself be "seduced" by L?beck's representative Sveder Ketting, "because you might expect that L?beck only plotted to keep our island under their yoke." This was during the period in which Bornholm was strongly under the influence (and rulership) of the Hanseatic League free-city of L?beck; the Bornholmers felt greatly put upon by the high taxes, unfair rules, and high-handedness of the L?beckers. Contrary to the opinion of latter historians they must have convinced the envoys, as on the 9th of September the freemen were granted the right to gather shipwrecks from the beaches, hunt in the woods, as well as given full authority over their servants - a great victory for the freemen.
A document dated March 28, 1574 tells us that Peder Hansen (Uf) was the Chief Justice (Landsdommer) for Bornholm. A Freeman (Frimand), he was the owner of Simleg?rd, an estate-farm (frig?rd) in Klemensker parish; which he took over after his brother's death. He also owned Fuglsangsg?rd (later known as: Gaggeg?rd, still later as: I Klinteby), 6 Vdg. in Ibsker - which was later passed down to his daughter's son Claus Gagge.
On August 30, 1577 Peder Hansen (Uf) was endowed with thirteen farms that were under ecclesiastical jurisdiction, namely: six farms in ?stermarie, one farm in Ibsker, two farms in Vestermarie, three farms in Klemensker, and one farm in Rutsker parish. A letter of declaration (dated April 27, 1580) confirmed that he had property-rights equal to that other freemen on Bornholm. A drawing in Heraldry Periodical, nr. 43, 1981 edition, shows that his arms displayed a chevron (gavlsparre).
From "Aktstykker til Bornholm Historie" by Jens Rasmussen H?bertz, nr. 249:
1572 6. September ?kirkeby. Om frim?ndene p? Bornholm.
Vi efterskrevne Bi?rn Kaas til Starupgaard, Bi?rn Andersen til Stenholt, J?rgen Marsvin til Dybek kiendes och hermed for alle vitterliggj?r, at Aar efter Guds byrd 1572 den 6te Dag Septembris, det f?rste vi kom paa Landet Boringholm, da lode vi bestille Landsting, og paa Landstinget gave Kongl. Maysts. befaling og vor bestilling tilkiende, og da vi alting der bestillet havde, toge vi alle de fri M?nd, der vare, ind i Kirken, og der forelagde vi dennem en Dag, de sig [sagde] fri [at v?re] og frelse at have, at de skulle m?de om L?verdagen derefter med deres Brev og Seigl, huormed de kunde bevise sig fri at v?re. Detsimidlertid talede vi med Svend Ketting, og gav hannem tilkiende, at Kongl. Majst. var kommen udi Forfaring, at der skulle v?re mange paa Boringholm, som gav sig ud [for] fri at v?re, som dog ikke findes skulle, og dermed skede Kongl. Majst. forkort, paa hans Majsts. Kongskat og andet, huorfore vi og begierede af forskrevne Sven Ketting, at han ville hos v?re samme Dag, som vi forskrevne Frim?nd, paa Kongl. Majsts. wegne, for os beskeede og havde, hvor han og til det f?rste lovede. Men om morgenen, som Adelen var beskeet at komme tilstede, og forskrevne Sven Ketting havde sagt at ville derhos udi slig handel v?re tilstede, og forskrevne Sven Ketting haver da sendt os bud med sin tiener Jens Knap, som nu er Landstingsskriver, at han begierer at drage til Slottet, og der ops?ge nogle fine breve, og derhos lod berette, at han udi ingen Maader vidste sig noget at have med samme Adels-m?nd at gi?re, men at den beskeed, derom var, havde han l?nge siden berettet Mester David udi Lund, og han havde den handel alt sammen opskreven.
Saa er for os kommen, den forskrevne 6. September; disse efterskrevne fri og frelse M?nd, nemlig: Jacob Jversen Landsdommer, Mester Peder W, Peder Hanssen og Bent Hanssen, Br?dre, J?rgen Pedersen, Peder Koefoed, Oluf Madssen, Oluf Bagge, Mogens Hanssen p? hans S?ns Hans Mogenssens Vegne, som tiener til Hove, Peder Myre, J?rgen Bagge [sic, s.b. Gagge], Berent Hanssen, Laurids Pedersen, Jens Koefoed, Christen Ki?ller, Peder Hanssen, Hans Koefoed. Hvilke vi da efter Kongl. Maists. befaling haver alvorligen tiltalet, hvortil de have svaret, at de haver dennem ingen frihed ydermere tilholdet, end som de af fader og for?ldre arvet haver, og haver de dennem ingen ydermere Rettighed tilholdet, end deres Fader og For?ldre havde f?r dennem, og berettede, at de Lybsker tilforn havde Sal. og H?ilovlig Koning Christiern og sligt foregivet, saadan deres Adels Frihed og Rettighed at vilde forvende, da haver H?istbemeldte Kongl. Maist. dennem privilegeret, eftersom Adelen i Danmark havde deres Gods, og vidste dennom udi ingen maade at have forbrudt, men udi denne feide ladet dennem finde at bruge til Skibs, komme selv udi egen Person, og somme giort Folk ud, og enhver ladet sig finde villig efter sin formue, og dermed tilhjelpe at forsvare deres eget Land, saa Gud skee lov at fienderne dennem ingen Skade eller Afbreck giort haver, og dersom der var nogen, der vidste dennem at beskylde, at de ikke var fri og frelse M?nd, da begierede de, at de maatte komme tilstede, da vilde de holde dem food, og derhos begierer af Kongl. Maist. paa det allerunderdanigste, at de maatte beholde den Frihed, som deres For?ldre f?r dennem haft haver, de vilde med Gods og Blod, og hvis de formaaede v?re Kongl. Majst. tro tienere, efter deres ringe Formue, ligesom de tildes v?ret haver og pligtig kiendes, og forsee sig ogs? til Kong. Majst., som til deres rette Herre og Konge, hvilken der altid havde fremdraget forige Adel, at Hans Kongl. Majst. udi ingen Maader ville lade sig over dennem forf?re af Sven Ketting eller nogen anden; thi de kunde vel t?nke, at de Lybsker og deres Befalingsm?nd stod efter, at de kunde og bringe dennem under deres Tr?ldom, som de ellers giort haver ved Landet. Det skulle Gud allerm?gtigste bel?nne Hans Kongl. Majst., hvilket de altid troligen vil ?nske. At saaledes er passeret, det vidner vi med vores Zigneter herunder trykte. Datum Boringholm ut supra 1572 den 6. September.
(The above Langebek transcription is held in the Diplomatarium in the Geheime Archive together with another copy - the original had 3 seals attached to the bottom.)
Simleg?rd, in Klemensker parish, is classified as a "frieg?rd", later called a "proprietair" farm, which is the highest of the three farm classifications:
1) Proprietairg?rd (Propr.): a freehold estate (thus also called a Frig?rd), which could only be owned by a freeman (frimand) or a member of the nobility (adelsmand).
2) Selvejerg?rd (Slg.): meaning a freehold farm owned independently, free of obligations to an estate owner - it could be occupied by its owner or leased to a peasant farmer (bonde). A peasant who owned this type of farm was known as a "selvejerbonde".
3) Vornedeg?rd (Vdg.), two types: a) the first type was part of an estate (i.e. connected to a proprietairg?rd), the peasants who lived on them were tenants and were obliged to provide labor, known as the "Herlighedsright" (Glory-right), to the owner of the estate; b) the other type was referred to as a "Fri Vornedeg?rd", this type of farm was not connected to an estate and was free of the labor obligation - could be owned by a freeman and leased to a peasant. A peasant who lived on this class of farms was known as a "f?stebonde" (copyhold peasant).
A map drawn in 1851 shows 17 estate-farms classified as Proprietair: 3 in each of ?ker, Ibsker and Nyker parishes; 2 each in ?stermarie and Klemensker; and 1 each in Pedersker, Bodilsker, ?sterlars, and Olsker. There were hundreds of farms comprising the other two classifications. The typical farm is arranged in a joined U shape, with the farmhouse, barn, pig-stall, and utility-shed all built around a cobble-stone courtyard.
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21 July 2015.
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1536 - 1596 (~ 60 år)
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