| Notater |
- From "Over hals og hoved - A cry of indignation heard all over Bornholm", by Sigvard Mahler Dam, SAXO, 1991:
Inheritance Disputes:
A phenomenon with throughout history has added fresh wood to burning family feuds. Thus in 1522 a cry of indignation was heard all over Bornholm, caused by a testament made in Lund 11 years earlier. The contents of which only became known after the death of the testator. In the midst of a bitter cold winter, on November 19th 1511, the childless Anders Galen in Lund felt himself nearing death, and therefore decided to write his will. (1) He lived through that crisis, and it was not until March 7th 1522 he again felt at death's door and just had time to alter his testament slightly before he took his last breath. (2)
Discontented Heirs:
A messenger was sent to ?stermarie to announce the passing of Anders Galen and pay out some 10 Mark to a couple of Bornholmers. You might think that these distant islanders would feel it a great honour to have been remembered in the testament of a proud member of the mighty Galen-family of Sk?ne, which had provided several commandants for Hammershus fortress. But no, on May 22nd 1522 the heirs took their complaints to the highest court, and the cause? Nothing but a few lines in the testament:
"Likewise to J?rgen Hals 10 Mark, a bed with bedding, a cooking pot, to Anna, J?rgen Hals' sister, the same, provided that they make no further claim of inheritance from me." (3)
Well, it turned out to be a touchy matter, as can be seen from the testimony provided the Commandant for Hammershus, Niels Jepsen:
"I, Niels Ibsen (Bryske). . . declare to all by means of this open Letter that the Plaintiff J?rgen Hals is Anders Galen's - who died in Lund. . . rightful Sister's son, as are his two Sisters whom the aforementioned J?rgen Hals has in Bornholm, and I have inquired about the truth that the aforementioned Anders Galen has no closer heirs than the aforementioned. . . ." (4)
If Commandant Niels Jepsen is correct, then we can understand the anger shown by the heirs. Not only does Anders Galen omit calling them his relatives, but also he also even forgot to mention the other sister. It would seem that there was little communication between the two parties. However, it was not a case of Anders Galen disliking Bornholmers, as we find several of them mentioned in his testament:
"Master Peder Uf, Canon in Lund, my dear relative, 2 Guilder and a down blanket. Likewise to Hans Myre, 2 Guilder. Likewise to my dear relative Anders Uf, 2 Guilder and my folding table." (5)
Mr. Peder Uf and Hans Myre were named to act as executors of his testament. The Uf-family were counted among the noblity on Bornholm, but who are these two Uf men, and how are they related to Anders Galen?
The Uf-family circa 1500:
We know quite a bit about Peder Uf, he was a canon at the Cathedral in Lund; he must have obtained a Master of Arts at a foreign university, as he is always referred to as "mester" in documents dating from October 9, 1498 through to June 6, 1518 wherein he acted as a witness, as well as the testament of Anders Galen. Master Peder had a brother, Anders Uf, who became the chief justice for Bornholm in 1469 after his father-in-law Sevid Nielsen, but Anders must have died already by 1487, which is when the following chief justice, Jacob Splid, took over, and even married Anders Uf's widow. (6) (Note: wrong Anders Uf! - Norman Madsen) Lady Anna, widow of both Anders Uf and Jacob Splid, issued a gift letter in 1508 to the Archbishop in Lund (7), the letter had, among other witnesses, Master Peder Uf's seal upon it. Therefore Anders Uf must have been dead by 1511 - when Anders Galen initially wrote his testament, which he must have known this when Peder Uf was standing by his sickbed. Therefore the Anders Uf mentioned in the testament is not the judge, but must be his son. On November 26, 1499 an "Andreas U" of Bornholm registered at the University of Greifswald, wherein it was noted that he had been schooled in Lund. (8) This young man must be the son of the chief justice and his wife Anna, and who had obtained his education in Lund thanks to his father's brother: Master Peder Uf, and so we find him mentioned in Anders Galen's testament. (I do not agree with this assessment. I believe that Chief Justice Anders Uf was the brother of Otte Pedersen Uf, and that Peder and Anders Uf are brothers, both the sons of Otte Pedersen Uf. For in a later dispute, from 1546-1552 over the estate of Otte Pedersen Uf, we find the following people mentioned: Master Peder Uf - canon in Lund, Rasmus Henningsen's widow Karine of Landskrona, Anders Uf, Oluf Ottesen Uf, Mads Kofoed's wife Gunhild, and Otte Pedersen Uf's daughter's son Mogens Uf - the last 4 of Bornholm. - Norman Madsen, March 24, 2003)
Master Peder Uf and Anders Uf must be the sons of Otte Pedersen Uf of Bornholm, who true to custom named one son after his father, Peder Uf, and the other after his father-in-law, Anders Galen. (9) According to this we must suppose that a sister of Anders Galen of Lund was married to Otte Pedersen Uf, by which method we can account for these people appearing in the testament.
However, we know that Otte Pedersen Uf had at least two more children: the later chief justice for Bornholm, Oluf Ottesen, and a daughter married to Oluf Tuesen - who was the mother of the future chief justice Mogens Uf. That these two of Otte Pedersen Uf's children are not mentioned in the testament must be due their not having been blood relatives of Anders Galen. This suggests that they were children from a second marriage, their mother possibly the daughter of an Oluf, as the son was named thus. (10)
How do J?rgen Hals and his sister enter the picture? The commandant stated, in 1522, that they are the children of Anders Galen's sister - maybe she had been married twice? Probably her first marriage was to ?dbern Hals, and second to Otte Pedersen Uf.
Was Galen's sister married twice?:
If this is true, it means that Otte Pedersen Uf was the stepfather of the children from her first marriage - are we able to prove this from the witnesses to their private deed documents?
August 10, 1497: Torbern ?dbernsen (Hals) of ?sterlars sold to Peder Lang of Vall?se (Vollsj? in Sk?ne) his wife's vornedeg?rd in Poulsker. Among the witness we find Jacob Splid (married to Anders Uf's widow Anna), Otte Uf and his son Oluf Ottesen. (10)
July 10, 1508: Anna, the widow of both Anders Uf and Jacob Splid, provided for the saying of mass in church for herself and her deceased husbands. Master Peder Uf looked after the practical details, and the witnesses were Oluf Ottesen (Uf), freeman Jens Olufsen of Klemensker (possibly the mother's brother of Oluf Ottesen), freeman J?rgen Hals and freeman Oluf Jensen of Bjergeg?rd (9 Vdg. Vestermarie, father's father and guardian for Anne Hals' children, see below). (7)
So from the above information, it appears that there were children from two marriages.
An earlier connection to Galen:
Now that we have straightened out the family ties around the year 1500, we can go further back, and it turns out that the connection between the Galen-family and Bornholm is of long standing. Anders Galen in Lund was a grandchild of Tue Galen and Elsebeth Clausdatter Lang; and with the probate held on May 31, 1448, we find the widow Elsebeth dividing paternal and maternal inheritance in Sk?ne and on Bornholm with her brother, Jeppe Lang. Jeppe was the father of Peder Lang, of "Vall?se" (Vollsj?), who in 1497 purchased a farm in Poulsker from Torbern ?dbernsen. (11) Tue Galen and Elsebeth had a son, Anders Galen of Herrestad district. Anders Galen inherited his maternal grandfather Claus Lang's estate (Turestrops?) in R?nneberg district - which Claus had received from the Archbishop, and probably also inherited from his mother property on Bornholm. From 1445 through 1455 Anders Galen appears a total of 6 times was a witness on probate documents concerning inheritance of the children of Cecilie Uf (Otte Uf's father's sister) from her three marriages. The documents show that Cecilie's son Peder Tuesen (Rani) little by little bought out his half-siblings interest in the family-estate "Haraberg" (Hardeberga manor in Torne district). His last appearance as a witness was alongside Niels Gjordsen (Drefeld), whose sister Kirstine was the second wife of Aage Nielsen (Sparre) of Bornholm. (12)
Anders Galen's second wife, Karine, outlived him, named as a widow in 1473 - and again in 1476. It must be through her that that Anders Galen is related to "Fru Cecilie Uf til Haraberg". (13) Lady Cecilie had inherited Hardeberga from her first husband, Tue Pedersen (Rani), and it was inherited by her children from her 3 marriages, of which Peder Tuesen (Rani) was the rightful heir to the family-estate, and whom later bought out his half-siblings share. The witnesses to the probate represent other relatives who are renouncing any claims on the estate, since it had been dealt with to their approval. Therefore Anders Galen's widow Karine might very well be of the Rani-family. According to the chronology she is the daughter of Peder Tuesen (Rani) and Mette Andersdatter (Panter), but why would a son-in-law have approval over his father-in-law's estate dealings? No, it seems that the chronology of the Rani-family tree might be amiss! Tue Pedersen (Rani) inherited property in Skivarp (Vemmenh?g's district) through his first wife, Elene. (14) In 1359 a Jep Jensen (Galen), of Markie, owned 8 farms in Skivarp - was Elene his daughter? And was the Jep Tuesen, of Claustorp (Klagstorp) in December 2, 1429, her son in a marriage with Tue Pedersen (Rani)? (15) For on that very day in 1429 Jep Tuesen came to an agreement with Ingerd Pedersdatter, the widow of Botulf Aagesen (Skytte), concerning an estate she had sold to Trud Has (his son Knud Trudsen resided at Hardeberga in 1478, which, however, was awarded by the court to the Rani-family (16)), but this edict was not issued at the time of the above agreement wherein the witnesses were Peder Tuesen, Anders Iversen, and the pastor for Skivarp, Master Peder. That the above Peder Tuesen is our Rani can be seen in his probate document from June 14, 1438, wherein the co-signers are: "my pastor in Skivarp - Master Peder" and Anders Iversen. As a half-brother Jep Tuesen (Rani) would represent the party with interests in Hardeberga, and we can presume that "Karine Anders Galens" was his daughter - therefore Anders Galen's seal on the probate documents concerning the inheritance of Cecilie Uf's children.
The homestead of the Hals-family:
The family's farm was located in "?stre Mari? Sogn" also called "?stremark Sogn. . . af St. Maria", which saint the family had honoured in bygone days. A wonderful, grand and sprawling parish, one of the largest on Bornholm, with a big, beautiful church with a grand tower carefully guarded by the people. (17) In 1671 there were 16 of the so called "vornedeg?rde" (copyhold farms, abbreviated as Vdg. hereafter), which in contrast to the "selvejerg?rde" (freehold farms, Slg. hereafter) were under the administration of the "frim?ndenes hovedg?rde" (freemen's estate-farms). Originally there existed several more Vdg.: 23 in all, but some had been combined and others were given to the Church.
Why did some of the freemen's Vdg. end up belonging to the Church? Well, this was the Catholic's way to by themselves into Heaven: the nobleman presented the Church with a farm in exchange for the priest saying Mass on the day he died in order to save his soul from purgatory. We shall shortly hear more about such an exchange in ?stermarie.
The name "Hals" literally means a "hard or cruel person" (18) - such a person was often called "en h?rd hals" (a hard neck). If this pertained to the early members of the family is hard to know, but it does not seem to characterize the last generation, which actually was slipping down into the peasantry when saved by the inheritance from Anders Galen. In any case, the family died out on the male-side, as J?rgen Hals did not have any sons - but more about this later. The first generations might well have been "hard necks", as they had fought hard to obtain a first rank position among the native officers. In the first half of the 1400s they were the Archbishop's faithful followers living on the age-old freeman estates, which were tax exempt in return for defending Bornholm against pirates and attacks from L?beck and Hanseatic League troops.
Their self assuredness also emanates from the Family's coat of arms: a royal crown; this even though they never occupied the two most important offices on the island: as the Archbishop's commander for Hammershus fortress, or as the island's chief justice. However, they must have been wealthy, for on January 7, 1407 we find a document in which Peder Hals' daughter, Katherine, received as her "s?sterpart" (sister-part) one of the coveted freeman's estates with its adjoining water mill in ?stermarie. This farm Katherine Hals brought in marriage to her fianc?, Officer Ormar Herlugsen (19), and furthermore it was the very same farm where her father had resided. Her brother ?dbern Hals placed his seal on the document, and he must have owned yet another freeman's farm in that parish, as in ?stermarie there were two farms named Halseg?rd: namely Store Halseg?rd and Lille Halseg?rd. Store Halseg?rd was later renamed Gadebyg?rd, and, ironically, later was the smaller of the two farms - as the records from the 1700s tell us that it only comprised 10 t?nder hartkorn against Lille Halseg?rd's 12 t?nder hartkorn, (20) much had happened since 1407!
In 1625 one of ?stermarie's freeman farms was referred to thus: "Gadebygaard syd i sognet, hvorpaa i gamle dage en herremand Mads Hals har holdet hus" (Gadebyg?rd in the south part of the parish, where in olden times a Gentleman named Mads Hals resided). (21) In 1671 there was a story in the parish about "en frigaard, som Mogens Christensen nu besidder og ejer, kaldes Gadebygaard, af en gade, som l?ber fra Lyngen neder til nogle gaarde, hvilke ligger sammen som en by mod Lyngen sydost fra kirken, er sk?n tilliggelse til, men ager-jorden er ikke synderlig, meget mislig, og giver ikke gerne godt korn" (a freehold farm, which Mogens Christensen now possesses and owns, called Gadebyg?rd, thus named from a path running through the heather down to several farms, clustered together like a village against the heath south-east of the church, a beautiful location, but the soil is very poor and yields very poor quality wheat). (22) There were several farms "i Gaden", which were also known as Gadeby Frig?rd (or Store Gadebyg?rd), Lille Gadebyg?rd was a freehold farm (55 Slg.). Also located there was Gadem?lle (or Gadeby M?lle). In all Gadeby consisted of 4 farms: 2 Vdg. (a copyhold farm under the freehold estate), and 54, 55, and 56 Slg., as well as several houses. (23)
Halsel?kken was a meadow belonging to N?rre Kirkebo (16 Vdg.) in 1569, close by Halseg?rd. (24) The farm's name suggests that the clergy owned it, and we might surmise that a member of the Hals-family had donated property to the Church in return for the saying of soul masses, however we cannot find any mention of this in the Lund Cathedral's gift archives, so they did not acquire the farm. Who might it be? Well, on the freeman farm Magleg?rd (5 & 15 Vdg.) there lived an officer named Aage Nielsen (Sparre), mentioned from 1424 as the Archbishop's commander for Hammershus - he must have liked the island, as he married the widow of Peder Larsen (Markmand) of Ibsker (25), and began in 1429 to buy up copyhold farms. No deed was issued on Magleg?rd, probably because it was his wife's inheritance. After his marriage, and while residing at Magleg?rd, Aage Nielsen had a chapel built to the east of the farm, which was dedicated to the Saints Margrethe and Mauritz, the later giving name to 15 Vdg., which was later amalgamated into Magleg?rd, namely Mauritzg?rd. On April 10, 1432 the Pope issued an "Afladsbrev" (Indulgence) benefiting the souls of the persons building "the new chapel honouring the holy martyrs Mauritius and the Virgin Margarete". The ruins show that the chapel was constructed from granite blocks and measured 6 by 8 meters, with a western entry. (26)
On April 19, 1457 the priest for ?stermarie made it known that he had been given a farm from Aage Nielsen, the farm was situated just north of the church; and therefore committed himself and his successors to perform a mass in St. Margarete Chapel every Saturday. (27) This farm was none other than the farm with the meadow Halsel?kken near Lille Halseg?rd that Aage Nielsen had obtained through his wife, which points to her being the daughter of ?dbern Hals, mentioned in 1407, and actually we find Orm(ar) Herlugsen and Peder Hals as witnesses for Aage Nielsen's private correspondence in 1429 and 1457. On March 16, 1451 Aage Nielsen was in probate court after his deceased wife, who had two daughters: Karine Pedersdatter, the wife of Jep Lange, and Benedicte/Bendte Pedersdatter, the wife of Peder Jul. Aage Nielsen underwrote the cost of redecorating ?stermarie Church with new frescos, which we know that this was done circa 1450 - possibly in response to his wife's recent death? (28)
The Hals-family's estates:
From the above we can deduct that the Hals-family around the year 1400 owned the 2 farms known as (Store and Lille) Halseg?rd, as well as Magleg?rd - with several attached copyhold farms, which amounts to the main part of ?stermarie parish's freeman estates. Only the freeman estate Rogsholm (4, 22 and 23 Vdg.) is not included, there the Jul-family had its estate. A meadow named "Juull engen" belonged to "Degnegaarden" in 1569, but since no other mention is made about this name, that farm might be 18 Vdg. (to the south of Rogsholm), which was also known as Kirkebo, and which had been donated to the Church by a member of the Jul-family; just as Peder Hals had given 2 Vdg. in Gadeby to the Church - that farm was later called S?ndre Kirkebo, as it had fields bordering Magleg?rd Forest, all given for the salvation of their souls.
Let us look at the family-tree: ?dbern Hals had an old Bornholmer given name, which can be found mentioned on the old Rune stones (erected circa 1100). (29) Maybe the peasant Anders ?dbernsen of P?reg?rd (3 Vdg.) in ?sterlars, mentioned in 1429, was a son of Officer ?dbern Hals - for we see mentioned in the next century that relatives of the officers often occupied the copyhold farms, while they were waiting for their chance to by or inherit the much sought after freeman estates. (30) In any case, the Peder Hals, who on June 6, 1443 - along with 11 other Bornholm officers promised their allegiance to the Archbishop, must be the son of ?dbern Hals. The very same Peder Hals was on May 3, 1457 a witness to Commandant Aage Nielsen (Sparre)'s selling to Jep Lang's widow the farm R?gelundsg?rd (4 Vdg.) in ?sterlars. (31)
Both of the Halseg?rd in ?stermarie later became the property of Peder Hals, and it is his son (probably named ?dbern) whom we have no definitive record of, who was married to Anders Galen's sister and was the father of Anne, Else, Torbern, and J?rgen Hals.
Repercussions:
Did J?rgen Hals gain anything by taking his case to the High Court? Well indeed! The following year, 1527, on July 2nd he and his relatives Axel Poulsen and Oluf Due sold 4 farms, in copyhold and a meadow in "Hylteberg" (Hylteberga, Vemmenh?g's district), which they had inherited from Anders Galen to Mouritz Jepsen (Sparre) of Skurup (in Vemmenh?g's district), excepting a donation to the priest in Skurup to say mass over the souls of their parents. (32)
Later on the case was taken up again at court, but why and against whom? In 1530(?) Master Hans, pastor for ?stermarie, and Master Hans, pastor for Vestermarie, testify alongside several other Danes that:
1) J?rren Halls?, Anne Povel Olsens og Elsu ?dtberns var Anders Galens rette arvinger. (J?rgen Hals, Anne - Poul Olsen's wife, and Else ?dberns were Anders Galen's rightful heirs.)
2) Anders Galen var deres moders broder. (Anders Galen was their mother's brother.)
3) Og de havde ikke faaet mere gods efter ham, hverken paa Bornholm eller i Skaane, uden det i Hyltebjerg. (And that they had received no other property from him, neither on Bornholm nor in Sk?ne, other than in Hylteberga.)
4) J?rren Hals, Axel Povelsen (s?n af Anne Povel Olsen) og Olaff Dwe (gift med Anne Povel Olsens datter), solgte de 2 parter af godset i Hyltebjerg til Hr. Mouritz Jepsen, den tredie del tilkom ?llse ?dberns. (J?rgen Hals, Axel Poulsen (son of Anne - Poul Olsen's wife) and Oluf Due (married to the daughter of Anne - Poul Olsen's wife), had sold 2 parts of the property in Hylteberga to Master Mouritz Jepsen, the third part belonging to Else ?dberns.)
5) Anne Povel Olsens og ?lsu ?dtbers var J?rren Halses rette og ?gte s?stre, og ingen hverken sl?gtninge eller gamle oldinge i landet ved andet, end det er saaledes. (Anne - Poul Olsen's wife, and Else ?dberns were J?rgen Hals' true and legitimate sisters, and none - neither relatives nor the island's elders know anything to the contrary.)
6) Hr. Skelm var degn (provst) her paa landet, han d?de i Lund, sad i Spidleg?rd her paa landet og var f?dt i Blekinge. (33) (Master Skelm was a clerk (dean) here on Bornholm, he died in Lund, resided at Spidleg?rd here on Bornholm and was born in Blekinge. (33))
We do not get an answer until 20 years later:
September 8, 1550: King Christian issued a letter pertaining to the fight over some of the estate after Anders Galen. The Chief Justice in Sk?ne, "Claus Urne af Beltebjerg" (B?lteberga), was Anders Galen's relative, and he complained that Sti Pors, the king's official in Lund, had taken 5 farms in ?ye near Ystad in Herrestad's district for himself, Anders Galen had donated said farms to Lund Cathedral in 1498 for the saying of mass, however the Reformation had put an end to the Catholic Soul Masses and during those tumultuous years several of Anders Galen's heirs were fighting to get former property of the estate returned, and Judge Claus Urne stated that he was among the rightful heirs if the property indeed was returned. However, Sti Pors was not an heir of Anders Galen, but he explained that he had bought the farms from one of "Anders Galens arvinge, som er Axell Pouel?en boendis paa Borringholm" (Anders Galen's heir, who is Axel Poulsen residing on Bornholm). (34)
When might Sti Pors have purchased the farms? Firstly they must have been returned to the Hals-family after the Reformation in 1536, and it is probably this event that the priests had testified about. Secondly, we know that Sti Pors was sent several times, as the king's representative, to Bornholm between 1541 and 1548, (35) and he probably came in contact with Axel Poulsen during those visits.
Notes:
1) "Repertorium Diplomaticum Regni Danici Medi?valis" 1st and 2nd articles, "Rep. 1" and "Rep. 2" Rep. 2 nr. 11.962; SvRa perg. November 19, 1511.
2) Above mentioned document later combined with a partially altered testament of March 7, 1522.
3) Item J?rgen Hals x marc, en wpred s?ng oc en gryde. Item Anna hans s?ster x marc, i wpred s?ng, I gryde med saadant skell, ath the skwlle ey ydhermere beg?re ath ?rffwe mig (source: note 1).
4) Shortened and modernized wording, printed in "Aktstykker til Bornholms Historie", J.R. H?bertz, K?benhavn, 1852 "H?b.". H?b. Nr. 62, 1522 without a date.
5) Item mester Peder W canick i Lund myn k?re frende II rinsk gyllen oc en dwen dyne. Item Hans Myre II gyllen. Item myn k?re frende Anders W II gyllen oc myt folleboer (source: note 1).
6) Regarding "Landsdommer-patriciatet p? Bornholm" by S. Mahler Dam, see the yearbook SAXO 1987, page 86ff. July 9 or July 16, 1448 (Rep. 1 nr. 7803) when Sevid Nielsen, chief justice, was given a freeman's farm and 8 Vdg. by the Lund Archbishopric, which was the customary manner in which the island's justice received his income (on Bornholm certain men carried the title "landsdommerbonde", which meant that they resided on one of the farms given to the chief justice). On February 1, 1469 (H?b. Nr. 24) the Archbishop ordered Sevid Nielsen to meet with someone, which was the last time that Sevid is mentioned in official documents. In an un-dated document from 1487 the Archbishopric in Lund leased to Jacob Splid 2 farms on Bornholm (Rep. 2 nr. 6194) - he was not chief justice at the time. By August 14, 1490 he is recorded as holding the office of chief justice (H?b. Nr. 28). Anders Uf must therefore have been chief justice between 1469 and 1487.
7) "Diplomatarium Dioecesis Lundensis", L. Weibull, Lund, 1939, "L?U" VI p. 249.
8) "Kirkehistoriske Samlinger" 4 article 6, p. 373 "Danske og norske stud. i Greifswald".
9) Otte Uf is mentioned in 1493 and 1497, but must be rather old, as on 1497 he co-seals with his youngest son, the future chief justice Oluf Ottesen.
10) That Oluf Ottesen is the son of Otte Uf can be verified by their joint signing with Otte's seal on August 10, 1497. Mogens Uf states that his mother is "Hr Peder Ufs rette Arving" (Master Peder Uf's rightful heir) [Herredags Dombog nr. 1, p. 82, July 2, 1537, DaRA], his father Oluf Tuesen was killed by Commandant Christiern van Haffn (H?b. nr. 326). The two families were later (on February 2, 1522) feuding about the inheritance after Otte Pedersen (Tegnelser p? alle Lende nr. 4, folio 16b, DaRA), in H?b. nr. 137 it says "Ole Persens arvinger", with the origian reading: "Otte Ps? arffv".
11) Printed in Rep. 1 nr. 7791, H?b. nr. 17 and Da. Ad. Brevk. p. 170.
12) Anders Galen is mentioned in the probate protocols on July 10, 1445, November 18, 1446, and December 13, 1455. Lady Cecilie Uf donated a chalice to the church in her home parish of Nyker in the early 1400s, see SAXO yearbook 1986, p. 77, "Landet Borringholm" by S. Mahler Dam.
13) "Fru Eline G?yes Jordebog", A. Thiset, K?benhavn, 1892, p. 413, mentions "husfruge Karine, Annders Gallens" (Anders Galen's housewife Karine) as the holder of a mortgage in Herrestad's district on December 5, 1473 (the same document is mentioned in the "Danske adelige Brevkister", A. Thiset, K?benhavn, 1897, p. 118) - Anders Galen therefore was still alive at that time. On page 414 it is noted that on February 14, 1476 "hustrue Karine, Anders Gallends effterleffuerske oc hendis b?rnn" (housewife Karine, Anders Galen's dowager and her children) held the mortgage on the same place (the same document is also mentioned in "Danske adelige Brevkister" p. 121).
14) Mentioned in a document from October 18, 1387, Rep. 1.
15) The Krognos-family also owned an estate in Skivarp (the brothers Jens Stigsen, a canon in Lund, and the gentleman Peder Stigsen, a knight). We might surmise that he is identical to the Jep Tuesen (Krognos) of Brunestad mentioned in 1447, who otherwise can not be found in that family's pedigree.
16) Rep. 2, nr. 4452.
17) "Rasmus Pedersen Ravns Borringholms Kr?nike 1671", Johannes Knudsen, R?nne, 1926, p. 160 - folio.
18) "Danmarks gamle Personnavne, II Tilnavne", G. Knudsen, M. Kristensen, & R. Hornby, K?benhavn, 1949-53, column 405.
19) Probably one of the Archbishop's servants in Sk?ne, see the article "Himmelske H?nder" by S. Mahler Dam in Heraldisk Tidsskrift 6:58, October 1988, p. 414 - folio.
20) "Gamle optegnelser om Bornholm", R?nne, 1897, p. 58 by Prefect Urne.
21) "Provst Jens Pedersens Bornhomsbeskrivelse 1625" in "Bornholmske Samlinger", R?nne, 1926, p. 58.
22) "Ravns Kr?nike 1671" (see note 14), p. 161 (?stermarie). The name "Mads" is probably in error, as the name is not known to have been used by the Hals-family.
23) "Bornholms Stednavne", K?benhavn, 1950-51, ?stermarie: page 348.
24) Same as above, page 366.
25) See the article "En afl?gger af sl?gten 'Markmand af Falster' p? Bornholm" by S. Mahler Dam, Heraldisk Tidsskrift 6:54, October 1986, p. 175 - folios.
26) "Bornholms Kirkehistorie", K.M. Kofod, R?nne, 1920, p. 245; "Bornholms Stednavne", K?benhavn, 1950-51, p. 353 - folio.
27) H?b. nr. 21.
28) "Bornholms Kirkehistorie" (note 23) p. 256 describes the decorations and quotes fresco expert J. Magnus Petersen, pp. 143-45.
29) Near Klemensker Church, "Lundh?j-stenen": Gunild lod denne sten rejse efter ?dbj?rns sj?l i lys og paradis. Krist og sankt Mikkel hj?lpe ?dbj?rns og Gunilds sj?le i lys og paradis (Gunild had this stone raised after ?dbj?rn's soul went to the light of paradise. May Christ and Saint Michael help ?dbj?rn's and Gunild's souls reach the light of paradise). From "Trap - Danmark, Bornhoms Amt" p. 516. . Bornholm was christianized between 1060 and 1072, so the stone was probably erected sometime around 1100.
30) A deed from July 13 or July 20, 1429 issued by officer Niels Mogensen of Vestermarie to Commandant Aage Nielsen (Sparre), among the signers was the previously mentioned officer Orm(ar) Herlugsen (married to a Hals). The L?beck bailiff's complaint concerning the freemen and their copyhold farms in 1553 is relevant to the above. See H?b. nr. 152.
31) Rep. I, nr. 7333 and H?b. nr. 22.
32) The Thiset boxes, DaRA; Due/Glob. Justitum afl. Vemmenh?gs Herred.
33) Printed in H?b. nr. 78; I DaRA.s Top. Samlinger place register box 99 is a report; Mogens Gyldenstjerne's personal recollections un-dated.
34) "Danske Magazin" 4 rk. V. bd., K?benhavn, 1884, p. 320; maps showing all the country - in the jugdement the town was called "Byr", the "?ldste Archivreg." V, p. 171, tells us the name has been changed to ?ya.
35) H?b. nr. 103, 113, 114, 144, and 134.
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21 July 2015.
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1430 - 1467 (~ 37 år)
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